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section of the Earth’s crust

The Earth’s crust, continental and oceanic, is composed mainly of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rock.

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metamorphic rocks

Rocks made from igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been subjected to high pressure and very high temperatures.

sedimentary rocks

Rocks formed by the accumulation, compaction and cementation of fragments of eroded rock and debris left by living organisms.

granitic layer

Layer of granite that gives the continents their essential form.

basaltic layer

Layer of basalt, a rock denser than granite, that forms the deep-sea floor and is covered with various types of debris.

deep-sea floor

Part of the Earth’s surface beneath the seas and the oceans; its topography is highly variable.

ocean trenches and ridges

ocean floor

sea level

Average height of seawater observed for a given time (day, month, year); it is used as a reference point to define coastal features and measure land elevations.

intrusive rocks

Igneous rocks that have risen close to the Earth’s surface.

mountain range

A row of elevated connected landforms characterized by high summits and deep valleys.

mountain

volcano

Landform built up as lava and ash are ejected from the upper mantle during successive eruptions, accumulating and solidifying on the surface.

examples of volcanoes

volcano during eruption

igneous rocks

Rock formed from molten magma that has cooled and solidified inside the Earth; also called magmatic rock.